Should voluntary euthanasia be allowed in Hong Kong free essay sample

The issue of euthanasia has been discussed for decades. Euthanasia is a medical practice to end one’s life with the purpose to alleviate pain or suffering while voluntary euthanasia is one of its categories that carried out at the request of the patient. A few years ago, a paralyzed patient had requested for euthanasia to end his life painlessly. This attracted wide attention among the general public in Hong Kong. People started to discuss whether euthanasia should be allowed. This essay argues the possibility to allow voluntary euthanasia in Hong Kong. It will begin with the debate on euthanasia with different perspectives. It will conclude that voluntary euthanasia should be allowed for the benefits of the suffered patient. One of the main pro-euthanasia arguments is that the patient should have her own right to choose between life and death. Brock (1992) points out that respect for self-determination of the patient is important because self-determination allows people to make decision about their lives with respect to their own values and conceptions of a good life. We will write a custom essay sample on Should voluntary euthanasia be allowed in Hong Kong? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If the patient got a terminal disease and suffered a lot, euthanasia can give her a chance to die in a more comfortable way. Everyone wants to die in a peaceful way without pain. What is more, the interests of the patient should be considered as the most preference when discussing euthanasia because it is the most affected and the most suffered party. The patient who wants to terminate her life when they feel unable to sustain living should be free to do so because suicide is not a criminal offence (Pauline, 1999). If suicide is not a criminal offense in Hong Kong, why voluntary euthanasia cannot be allowed as it is one form of suicide? Healthy people are able to promote better lives for themselves but the patient with terminal/incurable disease has no choice for a better living. As a result, the possible way that the patient can do is to ask for euthanasia. In conclusion, the patient has the autonomy to choose the best way for his life therefore voluntary euthanasia should be allowed for the sake of the patient. However, the opponents of euthanasia are worried about the slippery slope effect. The slippery slope argument on euthanasia claims that any practice to allow voluntary euthanasia may easily lead to involuntary euthanasia (Pappas, 1996). If voluntary euthanasia is allowed, there will be more chance to misuse or abuse euthanasia. Chambaere et al. (2010) find that over a quarter of life-ending cases is done without explicit requests from the patients in Belgium which is one of the countries that allow voluntary euthanasia. Along with, Thomson (1994) realizes that the interval between the request for euthanasia and its implementation is actually short. That means the patient may not have enough buffering time to rethink the decision. However, the patient may be influenced by depression or pain when at the time of making decision for euthanasia. The poor decision of the patient may cause misuse of euthanasia that lead to unexpected loss of lives. Moreover, the historical example from the Nazi euthanasia programme in 1930s caused the fear of abuse of euthanasia. Pappas (1996) worried that allowing voluntary euthanasia can lead to horrified abuse of euthanasia which has no difference with murdering. The original purpose of euthanasia will then be blurred. In brief, to allow voluntary euthanasia may cause uncontrolled situation of the slippery slope effect. To avoid this, it should not take the first step to have any legislative action on euthanasia.

Transcultural Nursing in relation to Holistic Nursing Practice The WritePass Journal

Transcultural Nursing in relation to Holistic Nursing Practice Introduction Transcultural Nursing in relation to Holistic Nursing Practice IntroductionTranscultural NursingThe Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory by Madeleine LeiningerThe Sunrise EnablerThe Ethno-nursing MethodHolistic Nursing PracticeThe Theory of Environmental Adaptation by Florence NightingaleTranscultural Nursing vs. Holistic Nursing PracticeConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction Diversity of the world’s population has reached a point where it is vital to address and more importantly to understand, the ever growing challenge that transcultural nursing poses to the nursing profession. Addressing this issue avoids discrimination and promotes equality within holistic nursing practice in order to meet patients’ needs. Health care professionals should be qualified to deliver, on a daily basis, proficient care and sensitive skilled communication to culturally different individuals (Maier-Lorentz, 2008). To exercise professional nursing in a conceptual way holistic nursing care focuses on physical, emotional, social, environmental and spiritual aspects as well as on the idea that any individual involved in treatment care should be treated as a whole and with dignity (Dossey Guzzetta, 2005). One of the areas to be discussed is Transcultural Nursing and Leininger’s Transcultural Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and its research enablers: the Sunrise Enabler and the Ethnonursing Method. Another area will be Holistic Nursing Practice and Nightingale’s Nursing Theory of Environmental Adaptation as well as the liaison between Transcultural Nursing and Holistic Nursing Practice. Nightingale’s theory has been chosen over others because she was the first to acknowledge nurses’ work in a theoretical framework and also because she was considered to be the mother of nursing practices (Ellis, 2008). The development of culture care theory introduced health care professionals into a new nursing dimension formed by issues such as culture background, spirituality, environment and others that demonstrated how culture and health care are linked (Leininger, 2002a). Holistic Nursing Practice encourages active communication and reciprocal understanding, underlines the exercise of physiological and psychosocial awareness, it is based on logical thinking and supports values such as autonomy and patient wishes and tendencies (MacKinnon, 2010). Transcultural Nursing Transcultural nursing may be defined as a method to contrast and observe how individuals view health care, biased by their culture background. The principles of practising transcultural nursing are to provide complete nursing care to individuals or groups by treating them with respect and taking into account their cultural factors. It is all about nursing practice applied to cultural values and limitations (Leininger, 1991). Definitions of transcultural nursing incorporate many factors that shape the individual’s cultural orientation. These include are age, sexual orientation and financial aspects. It has been suggested that by ignoring these culture background factors, health care professionals do not achieve enough cultural experience to be incorporated in holistic nursing practice (Barnes et al. 2000). This absence might lead to unsafe nursing care and both dissatisfied patients and professionals (Curren, 2006 cited in Leininger McFarland, 2006, pp.159-160). To promote transcultural nursing care, Narayan (2001) felt that there are four crucial attitudes to assume caring, empathy, openness and flexibility. This shows the patients a cultural understanding, appreciation, consideration and willingness from health care professionals that are based on individual care. Cultural education and the creation of culturally competent care professionals are one of the biggest challenges yet to tackle worldwide. For instance, in America, as the migrant population increases notably so it does the need for reducing inequalities and barriers such as language. Maier-Lorentz (2008) firmly understood that such a need could be met by the targeting of bilingual health care professionals coming from different backgrounds. Moreover, she suggested that in order to provide culturally competent nursing care, some knowledge of non-vocal communication signs could be of great value, as it is in eye contact, touch, silence, space and distance, and health care habits. Green-Hernandez (2004) recommended that as a step towards multicultural competency, professionals that need to deal with farmers should familiarize themselves with their specific customs such as using animal medication for their own conditions as a consequence of living far away from the care institutions. With the purpose of understanding culture, Andrews Boyle (1997) gave out diverse illustrations. For example, they suggested that by understanding a people’s proverbs, professionals may grasp knowledge of the cultural values shared by that population. The authors also stressed the importance of culture knowledge when coming across two different ways to view stealing. For one culture it may not be acceptable whereas for another one, e.g. gipsy people, it may be ok, as long as it is coming from a better-off person. Furthermore, they also found, through researchers, that different cultures may think that by being a demanding patient, the treatment they receive may improve. Riley (2004) reported that a foremost test for nurses in an ethnically different society is communication. Not just words but also tone and volume form spoken communication which in diverse cultures differs greatly. For example, Thai people are regarded as not talking too much as they believe it is a sign of idiocy whereas Cuban people are happy with talking vociferously. He also pointed out that Europeans are not afraid of talking about emotions whereas Asians are hesitant to do so. With regards to communication without words Riley (2004) explained that eye contact is not always expected. For instances, in Native America and Asian cultures it is offensive and among Muslim Arab women it is allowed only to their husbands. Therefore, he identified the importance for healthcare professionals to be culturally aware. Phillimore (2011) explored the challenge of provision of diversity needs in the UK based on studies done on health care service provision to new migrants, during 2007/08 in Birmingham. She stated that with political forces wanting to reduce welfare support for new migrants, such provision becomes quite a challenge. She also believed that, in the long run, this disregarding of health care needs will lead to further issues for the health care system that otherwise could be avoided by just providing what is needed now: cultural and language services and health support. It was also suggested that in today’s political climate offering of ethnically specific provision by the community and for the community, results in the local needs not being met, as the existing GP systems are already overstretched. She concluded that a number of migrants are condemned to an unwelcoming future since UK seems to embrace a tendency of anti-migrant sentiment and a move to community institution instead of multicultural provision (Phillimore, 2011). The Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory by Madeleine Leininger In the 1950’s Madeleine Leininger, a nurse-anthropologist, realised that nursing practice was requiring a theory to allow people to transform nursing into a more advanced and beneficial discipline that challenges nurses to open up to cultural variety and universality (Leininger, 2006). This was developed as a response to the demand for multicultural care which was immense and yet incomplete as many healthcare systems did not consider the need for bringing together culture and nursing care (Giger Davidhizar, 2008). The culture care diversity and universality theory developed by Leininger in 1991 (Leininger, 2002a) is unique in that it focuses on competent care, can be used upon any culture and is based not only on individuals but groups and families too. The theory addresses the importance of a consistent cultural competence instrument to acquire cultural awareness through a constant learning attitude and approval towards human differences and rights by health care professionals (Burford, 2001, cited in Baxter, 2001, pp. 202-203). Leininger (2002a) insisted on the importance of transcultural knowledge as a tool to avoid human acts such as the event of September 11, 2001. She then proposed the culture care theory as the most holistic approach to gradually transform the health system. This much needed transformation requires understanding of individuals in ways that identify and respect their cultural background and will lead us to understand such transcultural dismay. The theory was used in a study among Hispanic home care patients in the US, 2007, in order to identify cultural needs. As a result, care delivery improved in some areas and there was a suggestion describing the use of the model as a tool to reduce costs in the health care system (Woerner et al. 2009). Leininger’s theory applies not only to races from different backgrounds but also to today’s controversial groups such as transgendered people, disabled people , the youth, poverty and the homeless that may pose a certain degree of difficulty of understanding to healthcare professionals. There is also an agreement that, thanks to Leininger’s culture care theory, the nursing profession today knows how to allow for culture when looking after individuals and has a widely spread   caring philosophy in hospitals (Clarke et al. 2009). For this model to assist the health care professional to understand factors as important as management and policies, as well as being able to reflect on their decisions and actions, Leininger designed two tool assessments, The Sunrise Enabler and the Ethno Nursing research method, which are based on monitoring treatment care on a daily basis (Hubbert, 2006, cited in Leininger McFarland, 2006, pp. 354-356). The sunrise enabler focuses mainly on total life ways and caring factors influencing health and well-being, disabilities and death. It also identifies features influenced by the patient’s cultural background whereas ethnonursing finds ways in which multicultural care could be better. In doing so, the reflected culture becomes part of the holistic nursing practice (Leininger, 2006). The Sunrise Enabler The Sunrise Enabler is used as an assessment tool to enable multidisciplinary teams to deliver suitable and competent cultural assessments that impede intolerance and stereotype behaviour. This is to supply the healthcare system with a guide to cultural vicinities ranging from religious beliefs to economic factors (Giger Davidhizar, 2008). Wherever a healthcare professional starts the model either from the top or from the bottom, the most important feature is to listen to the individuals, trying to grasp ideas and concepts rather than enforcing them (Leininger, 2002a). Healthcare professionals struggled to understand the meaning of factors influencing the care practice so crucial when applying the culture care theory. Such factors as culture beliefs, environment and religion were to be included in the nursing care, therefore Leininger (1997) built the Sunrise Enabler to illustrate such aspects. The Ethno-nursing Method This method was developed to fit the purposes of qualitative research methods. It is a systematic method for studying multiple cultures and care factors within a familiar environment of people and to focus on the interrelationships of care and culture to arrive at the goal of culturally congruent care. Ethnonursing is a particular research method developed by Leininger to inspect the theory. It was developed to allow health care professionals to discover new ways of helping different cultural groups distinguish features of nursing care (Leininger, 2006). Leininger (2006, p.6) stated that the ethnonursing method â€Å"†¦was new and unknown in nursing and was different from other qualitative methods including ethnography†. Holistic Nursing Practice The exercise of modern nursing is based on the view of holism that underlines the individual’s wholeness. Healing viewed as an indication of nursing practice that treats people as whole, developed in the late 20th and early 21st century into a popular subject in nursing in order to clarify the meaning of wholeness and holism. As a result, alternative therapies surfaced as approaches of practice in holistic nursing (Locsin, 2002). The definition of holistic came into effect in the 20th century. Then the word holism included the physical, emotional, mental, social, cultural, and spiritual view. This view of holism was envisioned by Florence Nightingale who is seen today as an example to follow, although many of her studies are not used in today’s nursing practice (Beck, 2010). â€Å"Holistic nursing care embraces the mind, body and spirit of the patient, in a culture that supports a therapeutic nurse/patient relationship, resulting in wholeness, harmony and healing. Holistic care is patient led and patient focused in order to provide individualised care, thereby, caring for the patient as a whole person rather than in fragmented parts† (McEvoy Duffy, 2008, Vol.8, p. 418). Furthermore, it addressed the expansion of multidisciplinary and collaborative teams as a way to applying holistic care into practice and asserted that the practice of holistic care by health professionals should avoid intrusion and, when really needed, as it is the case of unconscious patients, should use skills that include aspects such as consideration, disciplined criticism and liability in order to exercise nursing in a holistic approach (McEvoy Duffy, 2008). Since individuals from different culture backgrounds may appreciate holistic nursing practice and care choices in different ways so is the healthcare provided in different ways (Locsin, 2001). It may also be the case that some individuals may feel embarrassed to mention alternative remedies used in the past, therefore the assessment should be supportive rather than disapproving (Maddalena, 2009). Pearcey (2007) ran a study on clinical practices amongst student nurses to draw on a few key points related to holistic nursing practice. It was found that the notion of holistic care was not clear within nursing practice. Some students claimed not to know the right meaning of holistic nursing practice and also claimed that tasks and routines are what nursing is all about. The study showed an evident lack of professionalism and knowledge amongst care professionals as well as a huge gap between what is taught and what is really applied at work. The author concluded that there is a real risk of inconsistency within the profession. Within the practice of holistic care there has been lately a huge influence of alternative or complementary medicine which care experts have tried to professionalise by setting certain values to be met. A study amongst nurses and midwives accomplished in England, 2008, revealed this but also the lack of initiative from the NHS to incorporate such practices, even though it was demonstrated that a huge variety of them were successfully applied on patients where biomedicine seemed not to work. Such practices included reflexology, aromatherapy, acupuncture and massage that actually underlined biomedicine rather than substituted (Cant et al. 2011). Whilst carrying out an interview on medical students in the UK, a student suggested that it is actually a catch-22-situation when looking after patients from diverse races as they have diverse predominance of whatever conditions that eventually will require different treatment, a world apart from what is being taught in medical schools with regards to treating everyone in the same way (Roberts et al. 2008). A quick look to Harrison (2008) for a concluding comment on multicultural nursing in relation to holistic care, offers us this brief view: a Western health care organism that has not managed to treat minority communities in a holistic manner is a system that claims to care for one and all identically. The Theory of Environmental Adaptation by Florence Nightingale According to Nightingale’s Theory of Environmental Adaptation, an individual’s health is improved by looking after the surrounding environment. It goes further than this and asks for the environment to be operated by the health care professionals as an approach to healing (Howett et al.   2010). Florence Nightingale defined nursing as â€Å"†¦the act of utilising the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery† (Funnell et al. 2009). She determined that the deficiency of factors such as uncontaminated air, clean water, sanitation, hygiene and sunlight is unhealthy to the human being. Furthermore, she reasoned that temperature, environment and nutrition affect the patient (Kozier, et al. 2008). This theory of nursing includes inspection, recognition of environment changes and their execution and supporting the patient health care by allowing the environment to benefit the patient (Neils, 2010). Selanders (2010) reviewed and compared this theory’s aspects with modern day practice and reported that Nightingale’s concept, such as air, light, noise and cleanliness is equal to today’s concept of physical environment; health recommendations to psychological environment; food to nutritional status and observation to nursing management. The author also estimated that the theory has been used in several qualitative works and some studies on the childbirth process. Transcultural Nursing vs. Holistic Nursing Practice According to Leininger (2002b) patients are not provided full holistic care by health professionals. Factors such as kinship, religion, environment and culture are largely missing. For that reason, care professionals should avoid being judgmental when delivering holistic care and rather provide an all-inclusive care that respects the individual’s cultural background (Maddalena, 2009). As a student nurse, it is vital to value the development of cultural awareness and competency within the profession in order to encourage and address all stages of holistic nursing practice as it is meaningful to today’s multicultural society. Leininger (1997) also claimed that essential practice is needed to create a regulation of multicultural nursing that could be of use to much ignored cultures. For example, acute medical treatment, medication, and patient fulfilment can be improved by understanding care beliefs when bringing in nursing care which, in turn, could save the health care system financially and also have a desired positive outcome on patients (Woerner et al. 2009). Individuals or groups may clash with health professionals if they are not showing respect for each other’s cultural beliefs resulting in poor treatment and patients losing hope in the health care system. Hogg (2010a) also underpinned this understanding as crucial to delivering accurate holistic nursing practice. However, not only patients may lose faith in the system. Hogg (2010b) also affirmed that nurses from black and minority ethnic have suffered, at some point, racial harassment as well as lack of opportunities according to their numbers in the nursing profession. As holistic nursing practice centres on recognition of patients’ rights and choices (Potter, 2005 cited in Dossey et al. 2005, p.347), it is subsequently supporting the meaning behind multicultural care. The association of both precepts confirms an ongoing engagement to pursue equality and diversity as promoted by the Nursing Midwifery Council (2008). â€Å"Inherent in nursing is respect for human rights, including cultural rights, the right to life and choice, to dignity and to be treated with respect. Nursing care is respectful of and unrestricted by considerations of age, colour, creed, culture, disability or illness, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, politics, race or social status† (The International Council for Nurses, 2005). When assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating a patient’s needs as to medication, health professionals should take into account culture’s physiologic traits, as it can seriously impact the treatment. For instances, due to genetics, for one patient a normal given dose may develop a reaction whereas for another it may not work at all (Anon, 2005). Conclusion It is obvious that cultural competency is a must when performing holistic nursing practice, in order to deliver a responsive and high quality care system. It is therefore recommended that specific cultural training should be given to all health care professionals so as to not overlook the great multi-cultural society we all are in. As society becomes more diverse, health care professionals should expand guiding principles that sponsor cultural skills as a way to deliver enhanced holistic healthcare. By carrying out this essay, the author realises the significance of treating people in a holistic way and not making assumptions just because they are from different cultures. This is something that seems yet not to be well implemented in my workplace (NHS since 2007). The author will, from now on, be more aware of his practice when caring for individuals from different culture backgrounds. It can be considered that nursing as a profession is also an example of human culture so indispensable for a in peak condition community, as seen looking through the theories of nursing and its tools presented in this paper, which if not recognized may affect the execution of holistic practice and its results, i.e. it is a profession whose culture needs to be elastic if it is to fulfil its function. 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Marriage Words

Marriage Words Marriage Words Marriage Words By Maeve Maddox In my reading last night, I discovered a new marriage word: hypergamy [hye-PER-guh-mee]: marriage with a partner of higher social standing. Cinderella’s marriage to the prince is an example of hypergamy. Hypergamy belongs to a group of English words formed with -gamy, a suffix derived from Greek words for husband, wife, and marry. The presence of this suffix indicates that a word has something to do with marriage or reproduction. Most of these words relate to botany or biology, but several apply to people. bigamy: marriage with a second wife or husband when already married. Bigamy became a criminal offense in England and Wales in 1640, and a federal offense in the United States in 1862. deuterogamy: marriage a second time; marriage after the death of a first husband or wife. digamy: another word for deuterogamy. endogamy: (anthropology) The custom of marrying only within the limits of a clan or tribe. exogamy: (anthropology) The custom by which a man is bound to take a wife outside his own clan or group. hypergamy: marriage with a partner of higher social standing. homogamy: marriage between partners of equal social status. hypogamy: marriage of a woman into a lower caste or into a tribe of lower standing than her own. misogamy: hatred of or opposition to marriage. monogamy: The condition, rule, or custom of being married to only one person at a time. Once it meant not remarrying after the death of a first spouse. pantagamy: A communal system of marriage in which all the men and women of a household or community are regarded as married to each other polygamy: The practice or custom of having more than one spouse at the same time. octogamy: Marriage with eight spouses (successively or at the same time). Even the much-married Wife of Bath had only five husbands, but several modern celebrities have achieved the status of octogamist. Note on pantagamy: In 1848, an American preacher, John Humphrey Noyes, founded a communal religious settlement at Oneida, New York. Noyes is credited with having coined the term â€Å"free love.† The community supported itself by manufacturing silverware, leather bags, woven hats, and garden furniture. Possessiveness and exclusive sexual relationships were frowned upon, with the result that members recognized something called â€Å"complex marriage†: any member was free to have sex with any other consenting member. The community was dissolved in 1881 and the practice of pantagamy ended. Its silver manufacturing operation went on to become Oneida Limited, a company still headquartered near the site of the defunct community, although the manufacturing has been outsourced abroad. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowEmpathy "With" or Empathy "For"?10 Terms for the Common People

Executive Briefing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Executive Briefing Paper - Essay Example A mentor can be one of employees with vast experience (in-house) or might hire a professional hired from outside the company (external) to provide guidance to employees of an organization (Lord, Atkinson, and Mitchell 2008, 16-17). Regardless of the type of mentor used, both act as role models to the employees of an organization by providing them with professional advice and guidance through which they can improve in their line of work. Research indicates that the mentorship in an organization has many benefits attached to it, which is why many organizations are eager at developing the culture. Costa Coffee is one of the U.K. companies that may benefit greatly by adopting such a culture following its number of employees who require more training for the ever-expanding business outlets that offer more challenging environment which require a high level of professionalism. This paper is an executive briefing to the management of Costa Coffee on the benefits likely to accrue to the company by adopting a mentoring culture. As earlier stated, many companies are making moves towards developing a mentoring culture within the organization. This company does so because they have realized the numerous benefits that are attached to mentoring culture according to Spencer (1999, p.8-10). Firstly, mentoring is beneficial since it is a cost effective means of training many employees so as to improve their experience. This is particularly beneficial for Costa Coffee, which has many employees spread from different stores that may require more training so as to improve them professionally (Dana 2010, p.8). The method is cost effective in the Costa Coffee will not have to send its employees for a seminar or training workshop to get training. Instead, the company can have the option of choosing a mentor from within who may be an employee with a wealth of experience in line with the area that requires more training (Lord, Atkinson, and Mitchell 2008, 16-17). Alternatively, Costa

Senate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Senate - Essay Example CA senators are term-limited to two terms while US senators are not. Such structural differences however, are merely superficial. The importance of the California economy to the nation’s economy makes holding a job on, for example, the agriculture committee in CA a critical job, and one on par with many US Senate committee assignments. CA senators command great respect due to their role in overseeing the critical state budget and economy. While US Senators have more formal powers due to appointment oversight roles, the structural differences between the jobs – even in light of the term limits – can be made too much of. Both jobs serve critical legislative functions. Where the real differences between the two bodies exist is found in political factors. Because the CA senate has been continuously in the hands of the Democratic Party since 1970, it is essentially a one-party system. Republicans state senators can have impact on their specific districts, but the stat ewide power is held exclusively by a single party.

Ford Motor Company Supply Chain Strategy Essay -- Ford business Strate

Ford Motor Company Supply Chain Strategy Background In 1913, Henry Ford revolutionized product manufacturing by introducing the first assembly line to the automotive industry. Ford’s hallmark of achievement proved to be a key competence for the motor company as the low cost of the Model T attracted a broader, new range of prospective car-owners. However, after many decades of success, customers have become harder to find. Due to relatively new threats to the industry, increasing numbers of cars and trucks are parked in dealer lots and showrooms creating an alarming trend of stagnation and profit erosion. Foreign-based automakers, such as Toyota and Honda, have expanded operations onto domestic shores and, in turn, have wrestled market share from American automakers. As a direct result, unit over-capacity has steadily risen, while heightened competition and diverse product lines have led to increasing customer demands. To answer these threats, Ford has made recent attempts to transform its dated vertical integration production model into a maneuverable, efficient supply chain. Emphasizing methods such as Just-In-Time (JIT) inventory, Total Quality Management (TQM), and Synchronous Material Flow (SMF), Ford has derived a multi-tiered system of supply. The tier system consists of numerous generic suppliers, â€Å"tier two† and below, who are managed by â€Å"tier one† vehicle sub-system suppliers. The â€Å"tier one† suppliers, by nature, are completely dependent upon Ford’s survival since the provided sub-system component is specific solely to Ford. Dell and Virtual Integration Despite the revamping effort, Ford remains plagued with prolonged Order-To-Delivery (OTD) time periods, congested inventories and error-ridden procurement processes. Upon investigation, these troublesome issues appear to be well addressed by the radically new direct business model of the Dell Computer Corporation. Dell differentiates itself through the utilization of virtual integration, an efficient and effective direct business model facilitated by electronic business providing Build-To-Order (BTO) products directly to customers. The process begins with the customer specifying exactly which features are to be included in the desired computer. Dell, then, buys components from several different suppliers via Internet-based JIT ordering. By using Dell’s process of JIT ordering , misal... ...ndustry by integrating a direct supply network. Ford’s goal of TQM could be easily met by implementing a variation of Dell’s already successful virtual integration business model. Fostering cooperation through incentives is key since compliance of supply chain partners is necessary to gain first-mover advantage. Conclusion In today’s competitive environment, it is important for any business to focus on the customer and to provide unique value in order to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Without virtual integration, competitive advantage is lost. Successful implementation of virtual integration initiatives allows supplier companies, which are performing only certain processes, to work together as one entity. Therefore, operations become more efficient by reducing inventory, assuring quality, and reducing delivery time. More importantly, the organization maintains the ability to thrive in a competitive marketplace by achieving increased customer satisfaction through unique and strategic core competences. Virtual integration will redefine corporations and , eventually, entire industries as supply chains evolve into a new business model of cooperation and sharing.

Animal Sciences Investigatory projects Essay

Anabas testudineus and its Preliminary Growth Adaptive Mechanism Through its Evolutinary Pathway To Brackish Water 4. Abstract: †¢ This study had mainly focused on the testing of the lifespan of a nearly endangered fish species Anabas testudineus in different water treatments namely brackish water, fresh water and salt water. The researchers determined the effect of the said water treatments on the growth and survival of the subjects. The study was conducted at the ESEP Bldg., Tarlac National High School (Main). The researchers applied the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) for the experiment. The length and mass of Anabas testudineus were recorded before and after the experimentation. The researchers prepared 3 containers for each replicate. Artificial environments were prepared in each container wherein 1000 grams of sand and pebbles and 400 grams of lilies were put in each container. The required amount of marine salt and water were also added and the pH of each water treatment were also obtained three randomly selected Anabas testudineus were subjected to each water treatment in each replicate. Everyday the stability of the fishes were observed. After 31 days, the final length and mass of the fishes were obtained and the results were compared. 5. †¢ The average difference in mass of the fishes subjected to brackish water is 2.945 grams higher than freshwater and the average difference in length is also higher than fresh water by 1.265 cm. †¢ Brackish water is the best water treatment for the growth of Anabas testudineus. †¢ Due to environmental changes evolution occurred as years passed by. The salinity of water and its pH are examples of these environmental changes. 6. The Efficacy of Moringa oleifera (Malunggay) Leaf extracts in Lowering Blood Glucose in Swiss Mice 7. †¢ Abstract: †¢ Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) plant is abundant through the Philippines. This plant is growing anywhere in the country. It has become the buzz due to the discovery of its many nutrients. The researcher tends to study on medical value of Moringa oleifera in lowering blood glucose. †¢ This study was performed to determine the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in lowering blood glucose. The experimental mice where weighed and their blood glucose were tested using a glucometer before the experiment. †¢ The mice were fed with condensed milk using the gavage method for five (5) consecutive days. All the mice gained high blood glucose after the procedure. 8. †¢ Different concentrations of malunggay leaf extracts: 25%, 50%, 75% and 0% were prepared. These extracts were treated to three (3) mice each as treated to the four groups of mice. †¢ Data analysis revealed that there was a significant difference in the mean blood glucose level of white mice when subjected to various levels of malunggay leaves extract, the lower the blood glucose, †¢ The findings confirmed that the malunggay leaf extract has a hypoglycemic property that can be used as hypoglycemic drugs. Thus, it can be used in treating diabetes. 9. An extracorporeal Study on Nasturtium officinalle for Mus musculus Alleviating Thromboccytopenia 10. †¢ Abstract: †¢ The study was conducted at room 2, ESEP building, Tarlac National High School (Main). It started by sending every subjects blood sample to the laboratory to determine the initial platelet count of the subjects. Watercress undergoes centrifugation to attain its liquid content and was fed to a group of subjects. Observation lasted for three days then new blood sample was sent to the laboratory to determine the final platelet count of the subjects. Results were compared to prove that the researcher hypothesis is true.] †¢ The researcher used completely randomized design to compare the platelet count of the subject’s blood before and after was fed with the liquid content from watercress. The researcher used T-test because they are only two variables to compare. After series of test, the results were gathered. The data revealed that the mean platelet count from the finished product of the study is higher than the platelet count from the commercial anti- Thromboccytopen ia. 11. †¢ This study is mainly focus on the possibility of watercress in alleviating Thromboccytopenia, a disease characterized by low platelet count. To test this possibility, the researcher compared it to a commercial anti- Thromboccytopenia. The researcher determined the significant difference between the plasma produced from watercress and the plasma produced from a commercial anti- Thromboccytopenia(aspirin) in terms of platelet count. That is why the researcher must know if the platelet count can be produced faster by watercress. This study will contribute greatly to the world f medicine as an evidence to remedy diseases through natural, safer and cheaper means. It will be significant for the treatment of Thromboccytopenia without the used of chemicals and surgeries. 12. The Efficacy of Anacardic acid from Anacarduim occidentale as a Lipid Source of Oreochromis nil. 13. †¢ Abstract: †¢ Lipids are one of the molecules used by fishes for their physiological functions and cellular processes. These lipids have many uses in the lives of fishes, not only in fishes but also in other activities of other organisms. †¢ Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia) is one of the most common fish that contains lipids in their muscle or tissues. †¢ Anacadium ocindentale (cashew) is a nut crop with fruits that contain a liquid known as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). This three liquid has three phenol constituents, one of this is anacardic acid. 14. †¢ In this study, the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) was extracted from Anacardium occidentale and anacardic acid and then separated from the CNSL by the process of centrifugation and then mixed with the food of the fish and then fed to the fishes. The purpose of this study is to make a useful lipid source from anacardium occidentale. This study will test the efficacy of anacardic acid as a lipid source of Oreochromis niloticus, and observed if the growth development and weight increased. †¢ After observing the fishes for 1 month to 2 weeks, results and data were analyzed. The researcher used T-test as their statistical tool, and concluded that the growth and weight of the Oreochromis niloqticus increased by 50.36% in weight gain and 50.98% in the increase in size when given anacardic acid. 15. Residual Fatty Acids from Persia Americana for the Extension of Life Expectancy of Tirumala tumanana 16. †¢ Abstract: †¢ The study had been centered on the efficacy of amalgamated fatty acid residues from Persia Americana, the fatty acids were extracted at the Philippine Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry (PIPAC) using the gc mini2 machine for the procedure of gas chromatography. †¢ This study further branched out into the possible effects of the fatty acid residues in extending the life expectancy of Tirumala tumanana, specie of butterfly originated at Mt. Busa and is rated as vulnerable in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 17. †¢ Three treatments were designated to 24 butterflies: Treatment A (with flowering plants, sugar solution, and fatty acids), treatment B (with flowering plants and sugar solution), and Treatment C (with flowering plants only). †¢ ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) was utilized to compare the three treatments in observing the life expectancy of Tirumala tumanana. †¢ After the series of test and experimentation, the results showed that the average life span of the subjects was prolonged by 129.03%, enough to say that there is a significant effect produced by Persea Americana. 18. Behavioral and Social Science 19. A Study on the Effect of Food Outsourcing to the Behavioral Direction of Trichogaster Pectoralis and Tricogaster Tricopterus 20. †¢ Abstract: †¢ Trichogaster Pectoralis and Tricogaster Tricopterus- these two species have the same denominator; they belong in one genus- trichogaster. Since they came from one genus, they have mostly the same characteristics like what kind of environment they adapt, what food they eat, and their behavior. †¢ This study aims to establish the effect of food outsourcing on the direction decision of Trichogaster Pectoralis and Tricogaster Tricopterus subjects based on attraction and non-attraction. It also aims to give additional knowledge to fish cultivators, and other persons involved in aquaculture. 21. †¢ The set-up where will the experimentation be concluded is composed on an aquarium, aquarium air pump, 15L of fresh water and 8 subjects which were drawn out randomly but on accordance with the ratio stated on each of the two treatments. The animal subjects underwent the process of food outsourcing where 20g of fish food is used, observation and data gathering for 10 days. The data gathered were then compared, and unbiased and reliable results were obtained. Results showed that food outsourcing affected the behavioral direction of the subjects based on attraction. Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected, accepting the alternative hypothesis which states that the effect of food outsourcing on the Behavioral Direction of Trichogaster Pectoralis and Tricogaster Tricopterus based on attraction is greater than non- attraction. †¢ In line with the results and the accepted hypothesis, the researchers concluded that the effect of food outsourcing on the behavioral direction of the Trichogaster Pectoralis and Tricogaster Tricopterus subjects is to be attracted from one another. †¢ 22. Plant Science 23. Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) as a soil nutrient Enhanser 24. †¢ Abstract: †¢ This research study entitled â€Å"Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) as a soil Nutrient Enhancer† was conducted at Abing’s Residence located at Mabini Homesite Cabanatuan City. It was conducted from the month of June to October 2008 by the following researcher; Jessamer D. Abing. †¢ Because of the economic crisis that our country is facing today, most of the less fortunate people and farmers in our country cannot afford such expensive fertilizer used in growing plants. The goal of this study is to find an alternative soil nutrient enhancer out of the abundance of Zeolite mineral that can be used in growing plants in easier and mire practical way. 25. †¢ To test the effectiveness of Zeolite in growing plants, 3 treatments were utilized: Each treatment is composed of three plants. Each specimen has its own treatment, treatment 1 is a mixture of oil and powdered Zeolite (75g), treatment 2 is a mixture of soil and commercial fertilizer (75g) a nd treatment 3 is the plane soil. †¢ The results was analyzed and found out that in terms of mineral content in Phosphorus and Nitrogen there is a significant difference between soil with Zeolite, soil with commercial fertilizer and plain soil and in terms of Potassium Contents there a significant difference among 3 samples because Zeolite yields the greatest amount of Potassium. In terms in the growth of the plants, Zeolite was the most effective soil nutrient enhancer because the plants with Zeolite yield the tallest and healthiest appearance among the 3 specimens. †¢ This proves that Zeolite is very effective and efficient soil nutrient enhancer which can be use by the farmers in growing plants. 26. Gralex (Ready-Made Bait for Mice) 27. †¢ Abstract: †¢ The utilization of â€Å"Gralex† as ready made bait for mice, aimed to test its toxicity on mice samples. †¢ Systematic methods in the preparation of Gralex were observed. Three (3) treatments which varies on the soaking time of rice grains and adelfa leaves extracts such as forty- eight (48) hours, twenty-four (24) hours, fifteen hours (15) respectively. †¢ Prior to experimentation, Adelfa leaves underwent phytochemical testing. Result revealed the presence of condensed tannin, alkaloids and glycosides compound. †¢ Toxicity level of Gralex is higher as compared to commercial rat killer (Racumin) as observed on the mortality rate of mice. †¢ Statistical test result showed significant difference on the effectiveness on the rat killers. Gralex was found to be more effective. It was concluded that the presence of Tannins and Glycosides contributed a lot in mortality rate on the mice samples. †¢ The production and commercialization of the product is strongly encourage. 28. Tolerance Level of Meristematic Root Cells of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza to High and Low Hypertonic Saline Solutions and Hypotonis Solutions 29. †¢ Abstract: †¢ Plants extinction is already a global major problem but ordinary people are not aware of this. The worst part is that is very important and gives us the most benefits are the one that are disappearing. One good example of this plant is mangrove tree. †¢ These mangroves give us a lot of benefits. For fishes, these provide breeding, nursery, and feeding areas. These can tolerate more salt in their tissues than any plant. Their survivability is high compared to other plants but they also need regular flushing of freshwater. 30. †¢ The problem of this study is to determine the tolerance level of the Bruguiera gymnorrhiza meristematic root cells to high and low saline hypertonic solution and hypertonic solution. The proponents conducted the study at ESEP, DOST building, TNHS, San Roque Tarlac City. The experimentation started at Feb. 27, 2010 and ended last Aug.22, 2010. The proponents prepared 4 containers containing water with different salinities (0ppm, 30ppm-35ppm, 36ppm-45ppm, 46ppm- 50ppm). Three roots of the mangrove per solution were soaked and we let it that way for few hours. After soaking, a part of the mangrove roots were cut and observed under a compound microscope. Cells that shrink and burst were counted and the tolerable salinity of the Bruguiera gymnorrhiza root cells was known. 31. Natural Extracts as Vase Solution for Roses (Rosa damascena) 32. †¢ Abstract: †¢ This study was conducted to determine the effects of plant extracts from garlic allium sativum, Oregano Origanum vulgare, and guava Psidium guajave) as vase solution. Extract used for the preparation of vase solutions were taken from fresh garlic cloves, oregano and guava leaves. Water extracts were subjected to water bath at 50’C-60’C for 5 minutes for pasteurization. Flower buds were placed in plastic cups containing vase solutions with varying concentrations of extracts. Observation was done for 7 days at three replications. Set-ups were evaluated in terms of pH. Early opening of flowers and length of Vaseline days. †¢ Analysis on pH differences was not significant among treatments. Oregano and guava leaves may have favorable pH levels for flowers used. In terms of opening of flowers, it was noted that oregano extract promoted early opening of flower buds even at the early days of observation. Highest vase life days were also observed in flowers placed in guava leaves extract and the lowest vase life days were observed in flowers placed garlic extract. 33. †¢ Analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 0.5 level of significance did not reveal differences in the vase life days of flowers after treatment with natural extracts from Garlic, Oregano and Guava. A modification of procedures for extracting natural compounds from guava is recommended. The researchers also recommended the combinations of extract for more favorable results. This research has varied application in the field of Horticulture and food production. 34. Larvicidal Properties of Various Plant Species in the Control of Mosquito Larvae 35. †¢ This study was conducted to identify several plant species that contain †¢ Larvicidal properties in the control of mosquito larvae and to determine the time needed to kill the mosquito larvae. A total of 240 larvae were used to test the larvicidal properties of the treatment. The test plants were subjected to certain procedures like through washing, chopping, and pounding to extract the plant juice concentrates. A cheesecloth was also used in extracting the juice after pounding through the used of mortar and pestle. The mosquito larvae were then placed in their respective treatments. They were observed based on the time interval of two, four, and six hours. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used to analyze the data collected. 36. †¢ The treatments used were as follows: †¢ T0- Water (control) †¢ T1- Neem tree †¢ T2- Kakawate †¢ T3- Makabuhay †¢ T4- Karot †¢ T5- Guava †¢ T6- Patani †¢ T7- Chili Pepper †¢ Results of the study showed that among the eight treatments, T2-(Kakawate) had the best result in controlling mosquito larvae. Based on the results of the study, water has no component that could kill mosquito larvae. †¢ This study was a big help to control mosquito population that can be diluted to potable water to kill the mosquito larvae. 37. Zoology 38. Ar-aru: A small fish and its Backward Evolution 39. †¢ Abstract: †¢ More than 3.5 billions years ago, the first organisms is believed to have live in water namely as the organisms cyanobacteria, oxygen was not present which then gives the parameter that these organisms are anaerobic and as years passed by, changes occur. These changes are called evolution. Salinity is one of these changes, Sodium Chloride came fro rocks in freshwater bodies are washed out and the water changing this NaCl will be deposited in saltwater bodies. †¢ Because of this, the average salinity of salt water is 17ppt. Freshwater having the salinity between 0.5 ppt. to 17ppt. is called brackish water and can be found in the boundary of saltwater and freshwater. More than half of the fauna in the Philippines face the treat of extinction. A fish called Ar-aru is now facing this treat. †¢ This project mainly studies the effects of water salinities on the growth of Ar-aru fishes in terms of mass, length, mortality and reproductive mechanism. 40. †¢ To make the study possible, the researcher had undergone series of experimentation and observation of their adaptability on treatment F (Freshwater), treatment B (Brackish) and treatment S (Saltwater) with 2 replicates each. The data gathered showed that Ar-aru fishes subjected to brackish water showed positive result on their adaptive mechanism in terms of its survivability. Thus, the salinity of water is a factor that affects the survivability of this specie. †¢ Results showed that raising ar-aru fishes in brackish water is better than in freshwater and saltwater. This implies that the ar-aru fishes had an adaptive mechanism to cope in the environment of brackish.